Nasality In Cleft Palate Individuals Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction:Nasality is a voice upset that is most normally met by the address linguistic communication diagnostician in topics with repaired cleft roof of the mouth, which affects the address intelligibility. The perceptual appraisal of nasality constitutes an of import facet of a comprehensive appraisal of the address of persons with repaired cleft roof of the mouth and/or velopharyngeal disfunction ( Kuehn & A ; Moller, 2000 ) . The perceptual appraisal in complex populations like cleft roof of the mouth is made more ambitious by the many-sided nature of voice ( Bzoch, 1979 ) . The comparative impact of changing constituents of the voice ( e.g. , pitch, volume, resonance ) can farther act upon the signal perceived by a hearer ( Zraich, 1999 ) . In add-on the diverse array of perceptual appraisal of nasality has some troubles including the definition of footings, dependability and the usage of different types of graduated tables ( Kreiman, Gerratt, Kempster, Erman, & A ; Berke, 19 93 ) . Several invasive techniques are used clinically to image velopharyngeal port. Inactive sidelong radiogram are used to see the velopharyngeal structures during sustained sounds ( Hirschberg, 1986 ) . Multiview videoflouroscopy allows observation of the constructions during connected address from several planes of infinite. Flexible fiberoptic nasoendoscopy allows direct observation of velopharyngeal motions during connected address. However, these techniques appear to hold more value as pre- or post-surgical appraisal, because the correlativity of the informations from these techniques with hypernasality is frequently hapless. The inclusion of quantitative measurings in a clinical appraisal battery would lend to the overall truth of an probe. Literature reveals several quantitative methods developed to mensurate facets of rhinal resonance, for illustration, the Nasometer ( KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, NJ ) , the Oro-Nasal System ( Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse ) or the NasalView ( Tiger D RS, Inc. , Seattle, WA ; Bressmann, 2005 ) , Horii Oral-Nasal Coupling Index ( Horii,1980 ) , Sonography ( Dillenschneider, Zaleski & A ; Greiner,1973 ) , Palatal Efficiency Ratings Computed Instantaneously-Speech Aeromechanics Research System ( PERCI-SAR ; MicroTronics Corp. , Chapel Hill, NC ) . The application of these instruments is frequently limited by a combination of grounds, including a deficiency of comparative surveies straight contrasting each technique, clinical uncertainity associating to the sensitiveness and specificity of viing methodological analysiss, the popularity of imaging surveies ( typically, nasoendoscopy and videoflouroscopy ) that provide direct information on velopharyngeal inadequacy ( Bekir et al.,2008 ; Rowe & A ; D'antonio, 2005 ) and the demand of specific device and/or detector, such as the helmet required for nasalence, the accelerometers required for HONC, the aerophonoscope required for rhinal emanation sensing and frequent standardization of th e instruments. Nasality can besides be evaluated utilizing non-invasive and simple processs like, spectral analysis of speech signal. Acoustic techniques frequently entail arduous analysis governments that can necessitate extended user expertness ; the rightness of selected stimulation has non been strictly evaluated ( Watterson et al, 2007 ) . Acoustic techniques do offer some possible, as small expertness is required to enter address samples, and repeated samples can be easy obtained, doing acoustic techniques appropriate for curative pattern. Some of the spectral features associated with hypernasality are reduced strength of the first format ( F1 ) , the presence of excess resonance, displacements of the Centre of the low-frequency spectral prominence, increased amplitudes of the sets between first formant ( F1 ) and the 2nd formant ( F2 ) , and a lessening of the F2 amplitude ( Curtis, 1968 ; Hawkins & A ; Stevens, 1985 ; Kataoka et Al, 2001 ) , increased continuances of acoustic phonic sections in CVC vocalizations ( D'Antonia, 1982 ) ; prolonged VOT ( Gamiz, Fernandez-Valades, 2006 ) and decreased burst continuance ( Vasanthi, 2000 ) , decrease in volume ( Mc Williams & A ; Philip, 1979 ; Vasanthi, 2000 ; Peterson-Falzone et al. , 2001 ) . In recent old ages, nasality is evaluated utilizing spectral analysis of the address signal. The two common methods which are reported in the nasality measuring literature are one-third octave spectra analysis ( Yoshida et al, 2000 ; Kataoka et Al, 2001 ; Lee et Al, 2009 ; Vogel et A l, 2009 ) and the Voice Low Tone to HHhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjkiuigh Tone Ratio ( Lee, Wang, Yang & A ; Kuo, 2006 ) . Both methods focus on strength fluctuation around the first, 2nd and 3rd frequence formants, an acoustic form normally seen in hypernasal address ( Chen, 1996 ; Huffman, 1990 ; Kent, Weismer, Kent, Vorperian & A ; Duffy, 1999 ) . The Voice Low Tone to HHhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjkiuigh Tone Ratio ( VLHR ) was developed as a quantitative acoustic step based on the strength spectrum to measure rhinal resonance. Lee et Al ( 2009 ) defined the voice low tone to high tone ratio as the power ratio of the low frequence to high frequence energy obtained by spliting the voice spectrum with a specific cutoff frequence. Lee et Al, ( 2003 ) measured VLHR in topics with rhinal obstruction before and after intervention for rhinal congestion. Results revealed increased VLHR values significantly after decongested intervention. In the follow survey by same writers in 2006, obtained sustained vowels ( /a: / ) and a nasalized ( /a : / ) vowel from eight hypernasal grownups. The writers observed higher VLHR values in nasalized sounds than unwritten sounds, supplying farther grounds in support to the VLHR technique for measuring hypernasality. Lee et Al ( 2009 ) measured VLHR in topics with hypernasality caused by palatine fistulous withers and velopharyngeal inadequacy for sustained vowels. The consequences of their survey revealed important differences between VLHR values, hypernasality tonss and nasalence steps. In contrast to the old surveies, Vogel et Al ( 2009 ) compared VLHR and one 3rd octave analysis in cleft roof of the mouth kids to mensurate hypernasality. Consequences revealed that merely one 3rd octave spectra analysis differentiated hypernasal address between cleft roof of the mouth and normal kids. The difference obtained between these two surveies ( Lee et al, 2009 ; Vogel et al. , 2009 ) may be because of the methodological analysis employed to pull out VLHR and the pathological status and age of the topics participated in their survey. Sing all these factors the efficaciousness of non-invasive technique, like VLHR to measure hypernasality remains inconclusive in clinical population like Cleft lip/palate. Need FOR THE PRESENT STUDY:Very few surveies have been conducted to mensurate the nasality in cleft roof of the mouth topics utilizing VLHR. But, the consequences of these surveies are inconclusive and necessitate farther probe in other linguistic communications besides. Hence, the present survey was aimed to observe the differences in VLHR between cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics utilizing address samples collected in Malayalam linguistic communication.AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY:The present survey was aimed to observe the differences in VLHR between cleft roof of the mouth and normal persons for voice undertaking, word list undertaking and transition reading undertaking.MethodologySubjects: A sum of 40 immature grownups within the age scope of 17 to 26 old ages participated in the survey. They were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 20 cleft roof of the mouth persons ( 10 males and 10 females, average =19 old ages ) . They were included in the survey if they had a diagnosing of inborn cleft roof of the mouth, undergone primary surgery to mend the cleft roof of the mouth, and go toing or had been referred for address therapy. Group II consisted of 20 normal, age and gender matched control topics. The topics were screened for address, linguistic communication and hearing by speech linguistic communication diagnostician. All the topics were native talkers of Malayalam linguistic communication. Subjects with a upper respiratory piece of land infections, blocked nose or with rhinal congestion as assessed during the oro-motor scrutiny were excluded from the survey. Test Material: The stuffs involved three different assortments of address samples ( 1 ) sustained voice samples ( /a: / , /i: / and /u: / ) ; ( 2 ) six meaningful words selected from Malayalam Articulation Test ( Mayadevi, 1990 ) which consisted of force per unit area consonants and ; ( 3 ) a standard Malayalam Reading Passage ( Anita, 1999 ) were used. Instrumentality: The recordings were carried out at address scientific discipline research lab of the infirmary. The address samples for the survey were recorded utilizing Sony digital recording equipment ICD-U60 placed 10 centimeters off from the talker ‘s oral cavity. This recorded address samples were fed into the Praat package ( Version 5.1.43 ) digitally and sampled at 16K Hz, 12 spot quantisation and Praat book was used to pull out the VLHR parametric quantity. Procedure: All participants were instructed to bring forth three tests of sustained vowels ( /a: / , /i: / and /u: / ) for a minimal continuance of 5 sec ; six selected word list from Malayalam Articulation Test ( Mayadevi, 1990 ) and to read a standard Malayalam Reading Passage ( Anita, 1999 ) at their comfy pitch and loudness degree. A sum of 720 ( 3 vowels*6 words*1 sentence*40 topics ) items were acoustically analyzed to pull out VLHR parametric quantity. The voice spectra was derived utilizing fast fourier transform ( FFT ) with Praat package for all the address samples recorded and averaged for farther analysis. Acoustic information was analyzed in conformity with the prescribed protocols for VLHR ( Lee et al. , 2006 ; 2003 ) . VLHR was calculated by spliting the spectrum into a low frequence power subdivision ( LFP ) and a high frequence power subdivision ( HFP ) . The mean spectrum was divided into low frequence and high frequence parts utilizing a cutoff frequence of 600 Hz by utilizing Praat book ( Lee et al, 2009 ) . The equation for VLHR is as follows: VLHR= 10 A- log10 ( LFP/HFP ) . VLHR was used to cipher values on sustained vowel undertakings ( /a: / , /i: / , /u: / ) , six meaningful words and a sentence from standard transition were used and it was expressed in dubnium. Statistical analysis: The information was subjected to statistical analysis utilizing SPSS ( Version 17 ) . The mean and standard divergence values of VLHR for address samples were calculated and tabulated for each topic. Analysis of Variance was used on the information to find the important difference between the groups and address samples.Consequence:VLHR for voice undertaking: For voice undertaking, the average VLHR values for /a/ , /i/ & A ; /u/ was 12.79 dubnium, 16.79 dubnium and 16.81 dubnium for topics with cleft roof of the mouth and for normal topics it was 4.14 dubnium, 9.59 dubnium and 6.93 dubnium severally. Consequences showed that high forepart vowel /i/ had the highest VLHR value followed by high back vowel /u/ and low mid vowel /a/ for both the groups. Table 1 and Graph 1 depicts the mean and SD of VLHR. Results of ANOVA indicated important difference between group I and group II subjects for all the vowels ( F= 50.389 ; p=0.000 ) . Voice undertaking Group I Group II F value Mean South dakota Mean South dakota /a/ 12.79 2.15 4.14 2.86 F=50.389 P & lt ; 0.005 /i/ 16.7 3.61 9.59 2.51 /u/ 16.81 4.83 6.93 4.32 Table 1: Mean and SD VLHR values for group I and group II subjects for voice undertaking. Graph 1: Represents the average values of voice undertaking for /a/ , /i/ and /u/ for Group I and Group II subjects. VLHR for word list: Table 2 represents the mean and SD values of VLHR for words for cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics. In word list undertaking, the mean VLHR value for dissected roof of the mouth topics was 10.21 dubnium and for normal topics it was 3.53 dubnium. Consequences showed higher average VLHR values for cleft roof of the mouth topics than the normal capable values for all the words selected for the survey. On statistical analysis, consequences revealed a important difference between groups ( F=60.34 ; p=0.000 ) . Word List Group I Group II F value Mean South dakota Mean South dakota Word 1 11.70 4.20 5.47 3.5 F=60.34 P & lt ; 0.005 Word 2 9.422 4.56 3.55 1.84 Word 3 10.69 4.86 2.70 1.82 Word 4 11.26 5.01 2.94 1.30 Word 5 9.14 4.92 2.55 2.02 Word 6 8.88 3.29 3.96 2.38 Overall Mean 10.21 4.58 3.53 2.47 Table 2: Mean and SD VLHR values in dubnium for group I and group II persons for word list undertaking. Graph 2: Represents the average values of word list undertaking for group I and group II subjects. VLHR for transition reading: For transition reading undertaking, the mean VLHR value for dissected roof of the mouth topics was 9.68 dubnium and for normal topics it was 2.31 dubnium. Table 3 and Graph 3 shows the VLHR values for transition reading undertaking for group I and group II subjects. Consequences showed important differences for groups ( F=48.54 ; p= 0.000 ) for transition reading. Passage reading Group I Group II F value Mean South dakota Mean South dakota 9.68 2.31 F=48.54 ; P & lt ; 0.005 Table 3: Mean and SD VLHR values in dubnium for group I and group II persons for transition reading undertaking. Graph 3: Represents the average values of transition reading undertaking for group I and group II subjects.Discussion:Vowel /a/ had important lower VLHR values compared to vowel /i/ and /u/ . This consequence of the present survey supports the findings of Neumann & A ; Dalston, 2001 and Lewis et Al, 2000. The higher VLHR values obtained may be due to the articulatory positions assumed during the production of these vowels. The low mid vowel /a/ is a unfastened vowel which creates comparatively small opposition to airflow out of the oral cavity. Therefore the maximal energy is transmitted through the unwritten pit and therefore comparatively lower VLHR values compared to vowel /i/ and /u/ values ( Lee et al. , 2009 ) . Whereas in instance of cleft roof of the mouth persons because of velopharyngeal insufficiency there might be more of nasal energy flight which is indicated through the higher VLHR values than normal topics for voice undertaking. The consequences besides support the fin dings of Moore & A ; Sommers ( 1973 ) who reported the greater grade of nasality on high vowels as the high vowels make greater demand upon the valving map i.e. , higher points of posterior guttural wall/ velar contacts, tighter velopharyngeal seals and greater velar jaunt. Higher VLHR values obtained in dissected roof of the mouth topics were similar to other surveies. Similar consequences were obtained in topics with rhinal obstruction after intervention for rhinal congestion ( Lee et al, ( 2003 ) , in palatine fistulous withers and velopharyngeal inadequacy topics ( Lee et Al ( 2009 ) . The consequences of their survey revealed higher VLHR values and important differences between VLHR values, hypernasality tonss and nasalence steps. In contrast to the old surveies, Vogel et Al ( 2009 ) compared VLHR and one 3rd octave analysis in cleft roof of the mouth kids to mensurate hypernasality. Consequences concluded that merely one 3rd octave spectra analysis differentiated hypernasal address between cleft roof of the mouth and normal kids. The major difference obtained between these two surveies ( Lee et al, 2009 ; Vogel et al. , 2009 ) may be because of the methodological analysis employed to pull out VLHR and the pathological status and age of the topics participated in their survey. The ground attributed for higher VLHR values for word list and transition reading undertaking may be due to the acoustic characteristics of the pharyngeal topographic point of articulation, notably low frequence noise energy chiefly in the chief formant part ( i.e. , the part of F1 and F2 ) . The form of the vowels was non good defined, peculiarly because nasaliztion has greatly reduced the amplitude of F2 so that this formant is hardly apparent in the spectrograph. Another common site of articulative compensations, the voice box, besides tends to be associated with acoustic energy in the chief formant part. Thus both guttural and laryngeal compensation contribute to comparatively low-frequency acoustic construction for consonants. These speech compensations hence are characterized by diminished or absent cues in some spectral parts but by extra cues in other spectral parts. Overall survey consequences showed statistical important difference between the groups for all the address samples collected. The average VLHR values in dubnium were higher for cleft roof of the mouth topics compared to that of normal topics. The consequences are in consonant rhyme with the findings of Lee et al. , ( 2003 ; 2009 ) whereas in disagreement with Vogel et al. , ( 2009 ) . The higher VLHR values obtained in the present survey may be attributed to the belongingss of increased low frequence energy i.e. , rhinal formant and reduced high frequence energy i.e. , anti resonance of rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics because of velopharyngeal insufficiency which was absent in normal topics ( Chen, 1996 ; Kent, Weismer & A ; Duffy, 1999 ) . Thus addition in the amplitude of frequences between F1 and F2 every bit good as lessening in the amplitude above F2 have been linked to hypernasality and these alterations were thought to be captured via VLHR ( Lee et al, 2009 ) . Decision:The purpose of the present survey was to observe the differences in VLHR for address samples between cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics. Consequences revealed that the VLHR values were higher for cleft roof of the mouth topics for all the address samples analyzed. The important difference obtained may be because of the belongingss of increased low frequence energy and reduced high frequence energy of rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics. Hence, we conclude that VLHR parametric quantity is sensitive plenty to observe rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics and can be implemented as a everyday clinical tool for nasality measuring. And besides the sensed success of surgical or curative intercession in dissected palate topics can be measured quantitatively with the VLHR parametric quantity extraction. Further surveies can be carried out with more figure of participants and besides in other Indian linguistic communications to set up normative.

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Purpose of Proposal

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During the years between 1750 and 1914 people began to discover more innovative ways of producing goods, which in turn boosted their economy. The British and French had similar ideas about the industrial path, but due to the French Revolution, France had other issues to contend with whereas Britain continued to industrialise. The industrial Revolution certainly boosted the economy; however, the social

Vacant Chapter 18 Twelve Years Later Free Essays

â€Å"It’s something I want to do, babe.† Emily stands silent, looking at me like I’m a two-headed monster. â€Å"Please say something. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 18 Twelve Years Later or any similar topic only for you Order Now † I really can’t handle the silence. â€Å"It’s crazy, I know. Just say it’s a bad idea.† I feel like a balloon deflating. My wife slowly moves to where I pace in front of the couch. â€Å"Ethan, after fifteen years together, you still have the ability to surprise me.† Her expression has softened. This means she’s going to let me down easy. That’s just Emily. She never says no, never yells, and never makes me feel guilty†¦ she’ll just phrase something so I realize how fundamentally bad the idea is; and trust me, there have been some terrible ideas over the years. â€Å"You are the most virile, yet sensitive, man I know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here it comes, the compliment followed by the let-down. â€Å"Let’s make the appointment.† I know I look like, as Mark would say, â€Å"a total douche† right now. My son has many great qualities, but his honesty is often overwhelming. Nevertheless, I find that he’s rarely wrong. â€Å"Um, what?† I need clarification, because it sounds like she just agreed to this. â€Å"I said, set up the appointment. We have been through so much, and we know what it’s like, Ethan. If we can provide someone else with the opportunity to live in a safe environment, to grow, and be part of a family, then let’s do it.† Emily wants to do this; with no reasoning, and no explanation, she agrees to this life-changing idea. I know my wife is an extraordinary person, and today she proves there are no exceptions. â€Å"Should we talk to Mark first?† I want this to be a family decision, and this affects our son as well as Emily and me. â€Å"Your son takes after you in the compassion department, sweetheart. I don’t think we have anything to worry about. As a matter of fact, I think you’ll find him to be a little excited about the news.† As usual, it seems my wife may be privileged to information I am not. â€Å"It will be hard, Emily.† She smiles. â€Å"Nothing worth doing is ever easy, Ethan.† â€Å"Welcome to Cornerstones Ministries, Mr. Parker.† â€Å"Thanks, Erin, I’m excited to do this.† â€Å"We are exceptionally pleased that you have returned to us as a mentor. As you know, sometimes our stories don’t have happy endings. So, to have one of our own be a success and want to come back and mentor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I almost think she’ll cry. â€Å"It’s special to us to have you here, Ethan.† After Mark was out of the toddler stage, I decided to volunteer for ongoing work with kids placed in â€Å"the system.† They were there for a variety of reasons, not just those abandoned by their parents or abuse/neglect cases. I was supposed to do tutoring, mentoring, or classroom/school assistance, but honestly, I just wanted to take the kids to a ball game or whatever, just to give them something normal. Tanner was my fifth Buddy. â€Å"I have something a little different this time, Ethan – if you’re up for it.† My previous Buddies had been kids from group homes where there was no family involvement. â€Å"Tanner is seven. He lives at home with his mom.† Erin’s face begins to redden a bit. â€Å"She has a terminal cancer diagnosis; they’ve given her about six months. There’s no family, so Janice has decided to begin working with us for possible foster placement or adoption.† Erin sets down her pen and looks at her hands. I can tell this one has gotten to her. â€Å"We need someone to fill the void. Jan is so sick, and she can’t do much with Tanner. Is this something you think you could handle?† The way she’s looking up at me tells me there’s something else. I give her a look that suggests I expect as much. â€Å"He†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I take a deep breath, bracing for whatever it is. â€Å"He’s also autistic.† I went to the library and read every journal article I could get my hands on. If I was going to mentor this kid, I wanted to know what I was in for. Emily was awesome, too. She gave me a lot of strategies for working with him given his limited communication capabilities and responsiveness. Erin also recommended I take a course in dealing with behavior as Tanner had frequent†¦ meltdowns. While a typical child has tantrums, he would have fits lasting hours. No amount of coaxing or pleading would make a difference. Tanner would harm himself and others in the process, but it never detoured our decision to keep him. The first month was a little rocky, and by rocky I mean there were huge fucking boulders. However, it never crossed my mind to give up on Tanner. Not only was this kid watching his mother die, he couldn’t even express how he was feeling about it in a typical manner. His expression manifested in screaming and biting instead of crying or saying he was sad. Outings were always†¦ interesting, to say the least. The last seven months had been better, though. I’d learned what his triggers were by meeting with his behavior therapist so I could keep up with his program and provide some consistency. The last couple of months, we’d gone to a restaurant, eaten an entire meal, and left again without a tantrum. There was definite progress. Last week, Erin had called with news that Janice was in the hospital and being moved to hospice. They would provide comfort and care in her final days. Erin let me know they were going to set up some panel interviews for prospective foster families and asked if I could join them. While none of the families were bad, none of them were good – at least for Tanner. When I asked them how they would deal with his special needs, there was usually a long pause, followed by an unsure smile. That told me they had no clue, and that worried me. Emily and I went to Cornerstones the day after I came home with the idea of taking Tanner. She said I was there when she needed me, and now someone else required my attention. Erin was encouraged by my – our – decision to take Tanner. She felt he would continue to make strides with our family, even after Janice passed. There seemed to be a collective sigh of relief that a plan was in place. â€Å"So, it’s official. The Family Services worker approved your application. You will be Tanner’s foster family for the next year. At the end of that year, should you still wish to pursue it, you can petition for adoption. The judge granted and signed a temporary placement order for Tanner to live with you. When Jan has†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Erin can’t finish, but I know what she’s getting at, so I finish for her. â€Å"Then, we’ll get permanent guardianship.† â€Å"Yes.† The judge signed the order for temporary guardianship at 3:07 this afternoon. Janice has been in a drug-induced coma for the last three days, and has no knowledge of Emily’s and my intent to foster Tanner. â€Å"Do you think we should go see Janice and tell her? I know she’s unconscious, but then I’d at least feel like we were somehow asking for her bless – â€Å" I don’t finish as Emily’s phone rings with Erin’s special ringtone. â€Å"When I see your face, there’s not a thing that I would change, ’cause you’re amazing just the way – † Fucking Bruno Mars. â€Å"Hello.† We left the courthouse ten minutes ago – Erin must’ve forgotten to tell us something. I glance to Emily as she listens to Erin on the other end of the line. Her smile softens and then her face turns grim. I suddenly wonder if there is a problem. I look up in the rear-view mirror at Tanner. He’s sitting stock still and perfectly straight in the seat, looking out the window. Mark can tell something is wrong, but he stays silent waiting for us to say something. â€Å"Oh.† Then, Emily nods as if Erin can see her. Her eyes are turning glassy and I know what that means. I pull over to the side of the road. Tanner begins to rock since the car has stopped and then starts to moan. The longer we sit still, the louder his moans get. I reach for Emily’s hand, my silent question waiting for verification. â€Å"She passed at 3:12 p.m. It’s like she knew, Ethan.† Emily begins to cry while Tanner groans. â€Å"She knew he was okay.† I think Tanner knows, too. People assume he doesn’t understand because he can’t express it, but I think he does. Now, I’m torn. Do I comfort my wife or my new son? â€Å"Let’s move to the back seat,† I whisper. We sit on the shoulder of Route 35, in the back seat of our two-year-old Corolla, embracing each other. Emily and I sandwich our boys between us as Tanner continues to rock and hum. â€Å"This, too, shall pass,† my wife whispers as she – we – hold our new family together and continue living. How to cite Vacant Chapter 18 Twelve Years Later, Essay examples

Sexual Anatomy free essay sample

Sexual Anatomy On the female body there are many external sex organs. One of the organs is the vulva. Vulva comes from a Latin term that means â€Å"wrapper† or â€Å"covering†. There are six different parts to the vulva. The different parts are: the Mons Veneris; Labia Majora; Labia Minora; the Clitoris and the vaginal opening. The mons veneris consists of fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body. It is below the abdomen and above the clitoris. The mons veneris cushions a woman’s body during sexual intercourse. It can protect her and her partner from the pressure against the pubic bone that they can feel that comes from thrusting. The Labia Majora are large folds of skin that run downward from the mons veneris along the sides of the vulva. When they are close together, they protect the labia minora and the urethral and vaginal openings. They are supplied with many nerve endings that can respond to stimulation and product sexual pleasure. It also protects the inner female genitals. The Labia Minora are two hairless, light colored membranes, located between the major lips. They surround the urethral and vaginal openings. The outer surfaces of labia minora merge with the major lips. The labia minora is rich in blood vessels and nerve endings, making them highly sensitive to sexual stimulation. They can darken and swell when they are stimulated. The clitoris is the only sex organ who’s only known purpose is to experience pleasure. The clitoral shaft consists of erectile tissue that contains two spongy masses called corpora cavernous that will fill with blood and become erect in response to sexual stimulation. It is less apparent than the erection of the male’s penis. It has an indirect role in reproduction in that it is the female sex organ most sensitive to sexual sensation and thus a motivator of sexual activity. The vestibule refers to the areas within the labia minora that have the openings to the vagina and the urethra. It has a number of nerve endings and is very sensitive to tactile or other sexual stimulation. The urethral opening is where urine passes through after passing through the females. It is connected by a short tube to the bladder. You do not see an entire vagina; instead you see the vaginal opening. Its shape resembles that of the hymen. The hymen is a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that is usually present at birth. The presence of a hymen is a proof of virginity and the absence of a hymen is evidence of sexual intercourse. The perineum is where the skin and underlying tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus. There are many nerve endings because stimulation of the area may heighten sexual arousal. The clitoral crura are wing-shaped, leg like structure that attaches the clitoris to the pubic bone beneath it. It contains corpora cavernous. The vestibular bulbs are on the clitoris at the top and go down along the sides of the vaginal opening. During sexual arousal blood congests the bulbs making the vagina longer and the vulva to swell. Both partners can be affected by this. Bartholin’s glands lie just inside the minor lips on each side of the vaginal opening. They create a couple of drops of lubrication right before orgasm. There are a few internal sex organs to a female body. The vagina extends back and upward from the vaginal opening. It is about three to five inches long when it is at rest. During sexual intercourse, the penis is contained within the vagina. During sexual arousal the vagina expands in length and width. The cervix is the lower end of the uterus. Its walls are much like the walls of a vagina. The cervix produces secretions that help keep the chemicals in the vagina in balance. Sperm passes through the vagina to the uterus through the cervical canal. The uterus, better known as the womb is the organ in which a fertilized egg implants and develops until birth. The fallopian tubes are about four inches in length and extend from the upper end of the uterus toward the ovaries. Women have two ovaries, they are in the shape of almonds and can be about 1 ? inches long. They are one either side of the uterus. They produce egg cells and the female sex hormones known as estrogen and progesterone. The penis is one of the external sex organs on the male. It is used in sexual intercourse. The penis is also a place urine comes from. Semen and urine pass out of the penis through the urethral meatus, meaning passage. The glans of the penis is extremely sensitive to sexual stimulation. The male internal sex organs include testes. The organs that manufacture sperm and testosterone. These tubes and ducts conduct sperm through the male reproductive systems. The testes are the male gonads. They serve two purposes. They secrete sex hormones and produce mature germ cells. Germ cells are also known as sperm and the sex hormones are androgens. Testosterone is the most important androgens. The vas deferens is a thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches long that serves as a conduit for mature sperm. Seminal vesicles are small glands which are two inches long. They open into ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids they secrete combine with sperm. The alkalinity in the prostate gland neutralizes some of the acidity of the vaginal tract. It prolongs the life span of sperm as it enters the females system. Cowper’s gland lies below the prostate and empty secretions into the urethra. During sexual arousal they secrete a drop or so of clear, slippery fluid that appears at the tip of the penis.

Women make better parents than men Essay Example

Women make better parents than men Essay We are discussing about the demotic belief that women make up as better parents than men and how this is disclaimed by some men. Fathers play an important in the development of a child, as important as a mother’s role. Mothers as parents From the psychological perspective the children believe that they are more important to their mothers than to their fathers, therefore that make the mothers’ position as a more caring parent who will be most affected if something goes wrong with their children. We can find ample examples around us which confirm that mothers are more dedicated towards their children. For examples when couples go through the divorce process, chances are higher that mothers get the custody of the children especially if the children are young. A Population Survey was conducted in US in 1992 by the US Census Bureau which showed that 86% of custodial parents are mothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Women make better parents than men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women make better parents than men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women make better parents than men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women share a closer bond with their children. It is also due to the biological factor, a mother keeps the child in her womb for almost 9 months and then later breast feed him for several months, which create a special bond between a mother and a child at the very early age. There is necessary elicit maternal care such as crying, sucking, clinging which is all performed by a mother, this feeling of protection for a child promote the contact between the mother and a child. For a child a mother is the most important figure for him when he is just an infant and he sees his father as a mother’s helper (Kanazawa, 2008) A man can produce a lot more children than a woman can. The largest number of children a man had ever produced is 1042 and he was the Sharifian emperor of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, on the other hand the largest numbers of children produced by a woman are 69 which she produced in 27 pregnancies. The difference in the reproductive system makes every child for a woman far more important than for a man. If something happens to a child because of her mother’s negligence, a mother would never be able get over her woe but there are quite some potentials in men to move on to produce some other. The commitment level of a mother with her child is a lot greater than the father and therefore that makes a mother more concerned about the parenting of a child. The children also feel the commitment level of their mothers and that is why they move closer to their mother naturally. Women have an emotional side to themselves which helps a child in fostering an emotional bond with their mothers. Mothers tend to understand their child more than their fathers. Even when a child has not started speaking, a mother can tell when her child is hungry; she can read the facial expressions of her child. Feeling of a relationship is more between a mother and a child as compared to a father- child relation. A mother satisfies her child by fulfilling her emotional needs and by being more caring towards him. Fathers tend to work at their work places more than mothers, especially in the eastern culture, so the most available parent for a child is mother which further enhances their relationship. Further mothers are more solicitous towards their child’s illness, his nutrition and his education as well so a mother does contribute more society’s health, productivity and wealth. A survey data found out that woman pray more often than men, believe in god more than men do and therefore generally are more religious with high conscience level, which makes them a better parent. It is more likely that women would guide their children religiously better than their fathers, which would raise them into better human beings. When a child reaches his teenage, most fathers withdraw from their attachment with their children, especially the girls. Girls are more comfortable in talking to their mothers because she is available to them when they need her (Brott) Fathers as Parents On the other hand it is claimed that men can be as good parents as women. It is said the mothers can sense the signals of the children even when they cannot speak, men claim that if fathers spend more time with their babies, they are capable to do the same and the only fact that keeps them away from home and their children are that they are breadwinners and they are not usually present at home because they are busy earning money for their children’s well being and for their secure future. The attachment of a father to his child equally important as the attachment of a child’s with his mother. For example, a study on the primary school children found out that the children who had greater attachment with their fathers, when they were infants, scored higher in the empathy test (Chozick, 2010). The playful time a father spends with his children when they are toddlers, proves to be very constitutive in the development of the child. It helps a child in becoming more confident and in building a strong personality. And a study has also proven that the fathers who spend quality time with their children score high in tests of thinking and problem solving skills. It is not only mothers who teach their children to be emotionally intelligent but fathers do that too. They teach them through daily interaction, direct teaching and by building an emotional bond with their children. Children who have an emotional attachment with their fathers are good at handling their relations later in life and are also less aggressive. Mothers are proven to be not so affective when it comes to emotional regulations and peers relationship (Civitas) A father plays an influential role in a child’s life when he encourages the child to face new challenges and become more independent. This helps the child in becoming more skillful who is ready to take responsibilities for his own actions. For children who have newly joined a school, their fathers have a stronger positive influence than their mothers (Pleck, 1984). Father’s guidance is very essential for a child’s moral development. Children tend to learn a lot by observing their fathers. Fathers who take good care of their families, spend more time at home and have an attachment with the family, their children prove to be better parents in the future. For a teenager, the conversations with his father and his guidance are really valuable. In many places a mother cannot fulfill the space where a fatherly figure is needed. The Pew Research centre surveyed 2,020 Americans and found out that today fathers are performing better than the mothers (Morgan, 2007) A father is someone who creates the discipline and restrictions in the house which plays an important part in the upbringing of a child. He is a figure of protection for a child and someone who will defend him. Father plays an active role in the decision making of the families and the children depend a lot on their parents’ decision especially when they are young. Conclusion A mother and a father share an equal role in the parenting of a child. A right combination of mother’s care, father’s restriction and disciplinary acts, providing emotional support and guidance makes the right parenting. When mother provides a child with emotional warmth, father provides him protection and security. The elements from both mother and father make the appropriate combination of parenting. References Amy Chozick. (2010). How parents became cool. The wall street journal, NY ,pg D-1Retrieved April, 29th, 2010 Pleck, J.H. (1984). Working Wives and Family Well-being. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, pp. 167-176. Retrieved April, 29th, 2010. Armin Brott. Are father biological inferior parents. Retrieved April 29 2010, from www.greatdad.com Civitas. How do fathers fit in. Retrieved April 29th,2010, from www.civitas.org.uk Jonathon Morgan. (2007). Fathers better parents than mothers. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from www.parentdish.com Satoshi Kanazawa. (2008). The scientific fundamentalist. Retrieved April 29th, 2010, from www.psychologytoday.com